Hurricane Katrina Free Essays

September second and third, 2005 saw a spate of articles and remarks in the press everywhere throughout the world about the impacts and fallout of Hurricane Katrina. An investigation of chose paper articles and remarks from various pieces of the world uncover fascinating inclines and inclinations. The Guardian, a liberal paper from London, utilizes the chance to assault US strategies. We will compose a custom article test on Tropical storm Katrina or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Both household and universal strategies are censured in the article which anyway endeavors to acquit President Bush of any immediate obligation regarding the outcomes of the catastrophe. The author’s predisposition in regard of the Iraq war comes through when the war is accused for the ineffectual treatment of the debacle. The articulation â€Å"anarchic south† utilized in relationship with Louisiana nearly appears to contrast Louisiana and Baghdad after its fall. (What Was Revealed). Be that as it may, it takes a philosophical stand and discusses the past, mirroring the preservationist moorings of the paper. However, the utilization of the word â€Å"uninsured† regarding destitution looks rather garbled, appearing to infer that being protected would be a reason for the neediness that was uncovered. (Loss of an American Dream). Anyway focuses on that more than the loss of property, American pioneers and the organization have lost validity and individuals have lost confidence in them. With Australia frequently blamed for racial separation and bias, the paper thinks that its an advantageous second to bring up that disruptive racial partialities and neediness are issues in America as well, in spite of its riches. It nearly appears that the article was simply trusting that an event will hit back similarly. The Israeli battle ready fixations come through straightforwardly in the article by Sever Plocker in the â€Å"Yediot Aharonot.† (Plocker, Sever). Practically all occasions have political ramifications in Israel and that is the thing that most likely prompts Plocker to worry upon the political repercussions of Hurricane Katrina. He even ventures to such an extreme as to foresee a stinging annihilation for the Republicans in the up and coming Congressional races. The â€Å"Toronto Star† is quite certain about allotting fault and doesn't appear to save anybody. Authorities, President Bush, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the National Guard, and the Army Corps of Engineers have all been accused for making the calamity so obliterating. (Terrible Lesson). The predisposition against anything official comes through, even as the article seems to overlook each other part of the debacle. The Edmonton Journal anyway seems to take a reasonable view, depicting the verifiable subtleties of the debacle and focuses at the sociological awkward nature that won in the city of Louisiana. (A Society in Collapse. Edmonton). Such a view likely mirrors the notoriety of Edmonton as the social capital of Canada. The New Zealand Herald calls for compassion, however weights on the monetary results of the fiasco for the remainder of the world, and reminds the peruser that nature is almighty. New Zealand has an exceptionally solid agrarian economy and is extremely touchy to critical job of nature in every single such movement, which presumably prompts the article to connect the calamity with a poor valuation for the powers of nature. Pravda, distributed from Moscow, is obnoxiously reproachful of President Bush and is unmistakably one-sided against him and his organization. The language utilized skirts on the crazy, and reminds the peruser about the verbal revilements that were so much a piece of the Cold War. The analysis is bound to be implied at everything American and not explicitly the current organization or President. In this way the perspectives and remarks reflect tilt and equalizations of some sort and not many impartial ones. America’s local and international strategies are accused, and the organization and establishments accused of adapting to such catastrophes are blamed for insufficiency in many remarks. Work Cited A Brutal Reminder. London. The Guardian. (2005, September 3). Aaronovitch, David. (2005, September 3). What Was Revealed. The Times. London. Loss of an American Dream. (2005, September 3). The Age. Melbourne. Plocker, Sever. (2005, September 3). Political Ramifications: TEL AVIV. Yediot Aharonot. Dreary Lesson. Toronto. Toronto Star. (2005, September 3). Edmonton Journal. A Society in Collapse. Edmonton. (2005, September 3). The New Zealand Herald. A Gesture of Sympathy. Auckland. (2005, September 3). Hinchey, Bancroft. Timothy. (2005, September 2). View Points. Tropical storm Katrina. Remark and examination from London, Melbourne, Tel Aviv, Toronto, Edmonton, Auckland and Moscow. Recovered March 13, 2007, from http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/2142.cfm Step by step instructions to refer to Hurricane Katrina, Essay models

Free Essays on A Place I Can Truley Call Home

At the point when I moved to Flagstaff in August of 2003, I was extremely eager to be lowered into a healthy school town. I couldn’t sit tight for the all the gatherings; the opportunity that overwhelms you when there are no guardians to look out for your shoulder, and the school plans that permits you to snooze past ten. I surmise you could state that I was eager to attend a university as opposed to move to Flagstaff, Arizona. Originating from out of state made this modification somewhat harder than I would have ever anticipated. I adored my home in Northern California, so changing in accordance with another home I felt would have been altogether different. Having the option to go to an alternate state, making a totally different arrangement of companions stuck in my brain and I felt that the time had come to get and proceed onward from my old neighborhood Dublin, California. There are numerous recollections that I will abandon yet a totally different world to endue here in Flagstaff, Arizona. So when I was approached to compose a story exposition on the â€Å"heart† of Flagstaff and what it intends to me, I was to some degree threatened by this town that I called home. Like some other undergrad, I immediately brushed this task off and concentrated on different parts of my life like what outfit I was going to wear Friday night and in the event that I was going to make it home so as to watch Friends. With my schoolwork assignments in the rear of my psyche, I acknowledged a welcome to go sledding with certain companions on the mountain. This lofty pinnacle could without much of a stretch be seen from anyplace in Flagstaff however had never been seen by my juvenile eyes. With snowboots, gloves and sleds close by, we advanced up the mountain. At the point when we arrived at our goal we were interested to find that we were the main individuals beyond six years old. Be that as it may, we didn't let this reserve limit us from having a ton of fun. Individually we propelled our bodies down the white runway, as though we were planes taking off into the blue sky. To me, this puerile demonstration brought back upbeat recollections of winters when I was a child pl... Free Essays on A Place I Can Truley Call Home Free Essays on A Place I Can Truley Call Home At the point when I moved to Flagstaff in August of 2003, I was exceptionally eager to be lowered into a healthy school town. I couldn’t hang tight for the all the gatherings; the opportunity that inundates you when there are no guardians to look out for your shoulder, and the school plans that permits you to stay in bed past ten. I surmise you could state that I was eager to head off to college as opposed to move to Flagstaff, Arizona. Originating from out of state made this modification somewhat harder than I would have ever anticipated. I cherished my home in Northern California, so changing in accordance with another home I felt would have been totally different. Having the option to go to an alternate state, making an entirely different arrangement of companions stuck in my brain and I felt that the time had come to get and proceed onward from my old neighborhood Dublin, California. There are numerous recollections that I will abandon yet an entirely different world to endue here in Flagstaff, Arizona. So when I was approached to compose a story article on the â€Å"heart† of Flagstaff and what it intends to me, I was to some degree threatened by this town that I called home. Like some other undergrad, I immediately passed this task over and concentrated on different parts of my life like what outfit I was going to wear Friday night and on the off chance that I was going to make it home so as to watch Friends. With my schoolwork assignments in the rear of my psyche, I acknowledged a welcome to go sledding with certain companions on the mountain. This superb pinnacle could without much of a stretch be seen from anyplace in Flagstaff yet had never been seen by my youthful eyes. With snowboots, gloves and sleds close by, we advanced up the mountain. At the point when we arrived at our goal we were interested to find that we were the main individuals beyond six years old. Be that as it may, we didn't let this timidity limit us from having a ton of fun. Individually we propelled our bodies down the white runway, as though we were planes taking off into the blue sky. To me, this immature demonstration brought back cheerful recollections of winters when I was a child pl...

Will Repossession Hurt My Credit - OppLoans

Will Repossession Hurt My Credit - OppLoans Will Repossession Hurt My Credit? Will Repossession Hurt My Credit?Try to avoid the insult as well as the injury; learn how to cope when you arent able to pay.If you are facing repossession, your credit score may be low on your list of concerns. If your car is repossessed, you will have to find a new way to get to work. If your house is repossessed, you will have to find a new place to keep yourself safe from the elements.Having to navigate these fundamental necessities means that slightly more esoteric concerns, like your credit score, may take a temporary backseat. However, you should not ignore it completely. A low credit score may have originally contributed to the repossession, and a higher credit score might be key to preventing it from happening again in the future.Whether you are worried about repossession, are currently undergoing it, or are just repo-curious, there is no better time than the present to find out how repossession will affect your credit score.Repossession basicsHere’s the skinny on how repo ssession works: Certain loans require a form of collateral to guarantee the loan. Car loans and mortgages tend to require collateral, with the car and house acting as that collateral, respectively. If you do not make your required payments on the loan, the bank or lender will seize the collateral. This seizure is called repossession.Different states have different laws that govern repossession and some may require your creditor to inform you before seizing the collateral in question. You can research online to familiarize yourself with the laws for your state.Will repossession affect your credit?We often write about the ways in which financial struggles can compound and lead to a “poor get poorer” effect. The impact that a repossession will have on one’s credit score is no exception.“Having a car repossessed can reduce an otherwise excellent credit score by as much as 150 points,” warns Shiva Bhaskar Esq., an attorney with Tier One Credit. “However, if you have a somewha t lower credit score, the impact will be less. Bad credit scores are impacted less by additional negative items like a [repossession], but if you have good credit, youll take a major hit.”Softening the blow  Given that you will already be struggling with the obvious results of repossession, you should take whatever steps you can to protect your credit. The best option is recognizing that you are at risk for repossession and keeping it from happening in the first place.Jennifer Harder, founder CEO of Jennifer Harder Mortgage Brokers, says, “You can attempt to avoid [repossession] by talking to your lender to see if a loan reinstatement is possible.” However, it may cost you a pretty penny upfront. “This would require you to pay the past due payments, interest, penalties, late fees, and any repossession costs.”If you have accepted that you can no longer make your payments, choosing to surrender your collateral may be the best option. Bhaskar says here are a few ways to avoi d or reduce the impact of repossession:One is to give the vehicle back to the dealership or lender, and negotiate some sort of settlement. In some cases, this will allow you to avoid having a repossession placed on your credit reports, although not always.Often the lender will note this as a voluntary repossession, which does harm your credit. However, it is negotiable, and perhaps you will be able to convince the lender not to list this as a repossession. Even if it is listed as a [repossession], giving the car back and settling the debt can result in fewer late payments leading up to the repossession, and thus offset the credit damage somewhat.Bhaskar also offers another advantage that voluntary repossession can hold over involuntary: If you do not negotiate a settlement, the creditor could seize your collateral, sell it for less than you owe, and still keep you on the hook for the remaining balance.The road to recoveryUltimately, the most reliable way to offset the hit your credi t score takes from repossession is practicing the same habits that help your credit in general.“You can also attempt to reduce the damage to your credit by making sure your bills are always paid on time, use a secured credit card to rebuild your credit, or consider a credit-builder loan,” Harder says. “A credit builder loan requires you to make monthly payments, and at the end of the loan term, the money is released to you.” Experian is also offering opportunities for consumers to boost their credit scores.While repossession can make future financial transactions more difficult, the opposite is also true. If you can get your credit up, you will be able to get better terms on loans and leases in the future, and start turning that financial domino effect in the right direction.ContributorsShiva Bhaskar is a consumer rights attorney and credit scoring expert, focusing on the Fair Credit Reporting Act and Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Bhaskar is the co-founder of Tier One Credit, a full service credit repair firm, based in southern California. Bhaskar is also the principal attorney for Gopal Law Group, a consumer rights law firm. He is a member of the American Bar Association, as well as the National Association of Consumer Advocates. Hes a graduate of the UCLA School of Law, having also earned his undergraduate degree at UCLA.  Jennifer Harder  is a mortgage broker with over 30 years of management and sales experience. Throughout her mortgage career, Jennifer has helped hundreds of clients solve their financial challenges. Her motto is to focus on the client’s needs above all else. Follow her  @JenniferHarder4.

Determining The Cost Per Hour Difference Between A Minimum...

Introduction The purpose of this report is to determine the cost per hour difference between a minimum wage employee working 40 hours per week for 52 weeks located in Cornwall, Ontario and Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. The result of this report will be used for the establishment of a new distribution centre. All the elements of employee’s salary in the city of Cornwall and Pittsburgh will be covered in this report. The report will make the use of exchange rate for comparing the difference in wages in two countries now and after the completion of 5 yrs. An employee working anywhere across the globe, the employer is required to offer certain benefits to the employee for his economic and social welfare. The report will be covering all those†¦show more content†¦The currency exchange rate has to be considered when the decision is based on cost figures of from two countries with different currencies. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) used to calculate inflation rate in a country has to be used in forecasting the future minimum wages as minimum wages are in proportion with the inflation rate. Discussion and Analysis Structure of Payroll in Cornwall, Ontario 1. Minimum Wage The minimum wage rate in Ontario is $11.60 per hour for 2017 and the minimum wage rates are subject to annual indexation based on the inflation rate as per the Government of Ontario website. Since, Inflation rate is measured through Consumer price index so, by taking the CPI data of 10 years we have forecasted the CPI of 2022. As per the CPI the forecasted minimum wage of 2022 is estimated at $12.51 per hour. 2. Health care costs The employer health tax (EHT) is a payroll tax on remuneration paid to former employees and employees. The EHT rate varies from 0.98% to 1.95% of the wages depending upon the total payroll of the Ontario employer. 3. Employment Insurance The federal government directs the employer to deduct the employment insurance (EI) premium out of the employee’s insurable earnings on a condition that the employee must be in insurable employment. The employer also has to make the contribution of 1.4 times the amount deducted fromShow MoreRelatedAns1A Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the wages of young high school graduates fell. In what sense has the true â€Å"cost† of a college education been changed by this development. Other things equal, if wages of young high school graduates decline, the potential alternative use of time spent studying in higher education†¦namely, working with only a high school education†¦has relatively less value. Therefore, the opportunity cost of student study time measured in foregone wages is lower. Assuming no change in the explicit costs of higherRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Labor Act Of 19382220 Words   |  9 PagesThis research paper will be addressing minimum wage and the comparison and correlation of it from when it was first instituted through the Fair Labor Act of 1938 to now in 2015. This paper will also go into the inequality of pay concerning women as well. Some factors that I’m focusing on are instances that have affected minimum wage, firstly the affect that unions had in guaranteeing the continuing rise of minimum wage along with inflation until it began to stagnate in the 1970s, which seemed toRead MoreWage and Salary Administration6872 W ords   |  28 PagesWages and Salary Administration Present by, Mosammat Rasheda Khanom Lipa Contents page no. 1.0. Introduction 1 2.0. What is wages and salaries 1 2.1. Difference between wage and salary 1-2 3.0. Wage and salary administration 2 3.1. Nature and purpose of wage and salary administration 2-3 3Read MoreCvp Analysis Snap Fitness1510 Words   |  7 Pagesidentify the estimation of Snap Fitness’ start-up and variable costs with the inclusion of a cost-volume-profit analysis, the measures needed to achieve net income, its various variable costs, and an analysis on why opening a franchise with Snap Fitness would be a good idea. Estimation of Snap Fitness’ Start-up and Variable Costs (Section A) In determining what Snap Fitness estimated variables are, one needs to look at the monthly fixed costs. Currently, each location of Snap Fitness spends $4,000 inRead MoreMinimum Wage For The State Of California2115 Words   |  9 Pagesis defined as minimum wage. Though every state has its own specific rate at which to pay its employees, some margins between states differ more than others. In the state of California the minimum wage is $10 per hour, for now that is. 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When people are paid little to nothing to work an eight hour shift, they get angry because it does not provide enough for them and their families. People who are paid minimum wage fall intoRead MoreStandard Costing4521 Words   |  19 Pagesemploy predetermined costs for valuing inventory and for charging material, resource, overhead, period close, and job close and schedule complete transactions. Differences between standard costs and actual costs are recorded as variances. Manufacturing industries typically use standard costing. Costs of items can be shared across organizations using standard costing. A note on the same has been provided in this paper. An attempt has been made to understand the way in which costs are built up for aRead MoreRisk Management Plan For A Company1333 Words   |  6 Pageswe will build our product and there are number of risks involved. Some of these risk plans that I will discuss are the ways we will be managing risks in our company. We can reduce the likelihood of a manufacturing accident by lowering the number of hours an employee’s work because of fatigue. This can ensure that employees are focused on their jobs and not getting distracted. Another prevention method could be moving dangerous equipment’s to a different side of the factory where special safety precautions

Depression And Anxiety Of Kirsten Scheimreif - 1518 Words

The patient, Kirsten Scheimreif, has been experiencing episodes of depression and anxiety from a recent family encounter. Kirsten was with her father’s side of the family during a holiday event and she was fully aware of her father’s recent attempt at becoming sober. Kirsten informed her father’s side of the family of her wishes of having a nonalcoholic holiday event in honor of her father trying to become sober. She was told by her family that her wishes would be respected from all family members at the event. During the holiday event, Kirsten was notified by her younger brother, Brendan, that family members were hiding their alcoholic drinks from her. Kirsten was under the impression that everyone had accepted and was respecting her wishes of a zero alcohol policy at this holiday event. Kirsten became very angry and hurt when she discovered that family members were sneaking around with alcohol at the holiday event. Kirsten’s brother Brendan also i nformed her that everyone else knew alcohol was present at the holiday and that they all knew to hide it from her, including her father. As a result of this betrayal from her family, Kirsten has refused to talk and associate herself with her father’s side of the family. Theoretical Orientation- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy is a â€Å"therapeutic approach based on the principle that maladaptive moods and behavior can be changed by replacing distorted or inappropriate ways of thinking with thought

The Affordable Care Act Of 2010 Essay - 2139 Words

Introduction President Barack Obama put the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in place in 2010 and it has been utilized since. Obama says, â€Å"the Affordable Care Act has made significant progress toward solving long-standing challenges facing the U.S. health care system related to access, affordability and quality of care† (2016). Therefore, the Affordable Care Act of 2010 has been a working progress towards upholding the iron triangle of healthcare, which is cost, quality, and access. During the current election, healthcare reform has been a rousing topic that has raised a lot of support for the candidates and also concern for their future plans. For healthcare administrators, this is important so they can strategically start planning for the election results because the effects on healthcare will be major and will not be able to happen overnight. Hillary Clinton plans to simply modify the Affordable Care Act and add a public option; while on the other hand, Donald Trump wants to abolish the Affordable Care Act entirely and replace it with a health savings account and a high deductible and high premium driven system (HDHP). Both of these possibilities affect healthcare and the iron triangle, but they affect the triangle in different ways, which is important for healthcare administrators to prepare for. Financial Implications Trump and Clinton’s financial implications differ due to what they each want to accomplish. Clinton states that she wants to control health care costs soShow MoreRelatedThe Affordable Care Act Of 20101605 Words   |  7 Pages The Affordable Care Act of 2010 Clautilde Dixon Purdue University Northwest â€Æ' The Affordable Care Act of 2010 Generally, healthcare policy is a term that defines the layout, procedures, plans or actions that are utilized to acquire health care goals in communities or societies. There are different forms of healthcare policies, such as H.R. 3962, the ACA (Affordable Care Act). The official name of this policy is ObamaCare and President Barack Obama signed the act into law in 2010. This policyRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of 2010969 Words   |  4 PagesThe Affordable Care Act The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA of 2010) was the first time the U.S. government had addressed the issue of providing insurance to all Americans in a significant way (Shi Singh, 2013). President Barack Obama signed the ACA of 2010 into law on March 23, 2010. Since then the comprehensive reforms that the law provides, has been rolled out in stages throughout the years following. Some of these changes included, in 2010 a new Patient’s Bill ofRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of 20101033 Words   |  5 PagesAs discussed previously, the Affordable Care Act of 2010 passed by the legislature, drastically changed the entire healthcare economy. In fact, ever since the ACA was passed it was required by law for hospitals to increase the amount of attention given to the individuals of the community in order to meet their needs. Also, the ACA allowed close to 10 million individuals to have health insurance through Medicaid and private health insurances, wh ich has a high impact on all the hospitals, such as YaleRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of 2010969 Words   |  4 Pageshealthcare system, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and Health care education and reconciliation act of 2010. The ACA assist in easy access to high-quality and cost-effective and also assist in the shift of the nation’s health care system in the direction of primary and preventive care. Also the health care education and reconciliation act is an initiative to motivate nurses and provide grants and scholarships to acquire higher education and take active part in the reformed health care system. 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Working to keep children healthy is something that all governmental opponents can agree on. Medicaid and CHIP together provides health care coverage for low-income families. BothRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of 2010 Essay2445 Words   |  10 Pagesin domestic and economic policy specifically must be addressed thoroughly and provided with the best solution available. One of the most controversial policies implemented by President Obama and the Democratic Party was the Affordable Care Act of 2010. The Affordable Care Act aimed to cut the rate of uninsured Americans and increase the quality of healthcare that they were receiving. While this has been somewhat effective in its own regard, there is much more room for improvement. Now that insuranceRead MoreThe Impact Of The Affordable Care Act Of 2010741 Words   |  3 Pages Health Care Reform The Affordable Care Act of 2010 expanded access to health insurance in the United States to millions of uninsured individuals. Early findings indicate that there have been significant reductions in the rate of uninsured among the poor and working age adults. Consequently, the number of adults who did not get needed health care because of cost declined as well as the number of adults who reported problems paying their medical bills. Hpwever, despite the many advances the AffordableRead MoreAffordable Care Act Of 2010 ( Aca )807 Words   |  4 PagesAffordable Care Act The Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) was designed to make medical insurance coverage affordable for all American citizens. Provisions were established to make certain uninsured individuals and no or low-income households can qualify for Medicaid or coverage through one of the health insurance marketplace exchange. North Carolina is viewed as an example of the impact the ACA would have on the nation. North Carolina is one of the states that chose not to expand Medicaid (HolmesRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act Of 2010 Essay917 Words   |  4 Pagesquality of health care services and the overall patient experience. Innovative measures are needed to meet these expectations, while also containing the rising costs of health care. The government has enacted new laws in attempts to provide incentives that base Medicare payments in part on quality. In fact, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, requires the implementation of value-based purchasing ( VBP), which bases Medicare reimbursement rates on the quality of care (Kennedy, Wetzel

Targeted Strategies to Promote Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Targeted Strategies to Promote Nursing. Answer: Introduction: The concept of common good finds its utility in analysing the ethical and moral issues influencing the care delivered to the vulnerable group of patients. In professional literature the common good is relates to health care, nursing, ethics, and political action, which apparently indicates that common good is a particular groups determination regrading what comprises good (Matney et al., 2016). Nurses play an important role in health care. However, there are challenges in the profession of nursing in realising the aspirations of the common good in the professional community locally and globally which is concern of this article. According to the rich literature highlighting the relationship between the nursing and the common good the term common good is an impetus for action (Fall-Dickson et al., 2015). Nurses promote common good by concerning for a people in the professional community. Despite the benefits associated with integration of common good in the professional of nursing several there are many challenges observed. The first challenge is to identify the way in which common good helps in advancement of nursing practice. According to Moch et al., (2016) the profession of nursing is existing because of the support an perception of people that nurses are essential to preserve the health care aspects of common good. In my opinion it is due to the societal forces it was possible to promote nursing profession, growth of the advance nursing practice role, shape the funding priorities of the nursing research for example for focusing disease prevention, understanding the interplay of genetics and others. Therefore, if nurses fail to benefit the society by promoting common good through compassion and caring the practice could be substituted by technology to be handled by technicians. The challenge is due to increasing vulnerability of nursing profession as documented by several researchers. For example, medicine has adopted many nursing activities focused on risk reduction. Conversely, nurses have assumed specific medical procedures such as interpreting electrocardiograms and telemetry outputs in intensive care unit. There is a growing evidence of increase in responsibilities that are nondiscipline-specific for example wide variety of individuals is performing physical examinations (Donley, 2017). Further, the greater emphasis on the evidence based practice and cost despite being essential is reductionist. Consequently, it may fail to capture the nursing contributions to health care. It interferes with the common good. The second challenge includes identifying the utility of the common good to document the nursing contributions to society. The guidance to nursing practice has been established by using the value of common good as a construct. It led to the development of several public health services such as greater access to antibiotics and immunization program (Donley, 2017). The nurses who work for individuals and whose work affects the social group have the implications of common good. Thus, it is difficult to identify as to how in response to the societal changes the variation in the definition of the common good construct occurs. The third challenge is the implementation of evidence based practice and elucidating its relationship with common good. Nursing interventions must be supported with strong scientific base otherwise it may be considered as dubious activity. The ability of nurses to promote common good globally is questionable if the actions of common good are benefiting society indirectly with limited evidence based support (Greenhalgh et al., 2014). The fourth challenge includes financing issues when integrating common good in the nursing practice. When implementing common good the society does not agree with the way the health care costs arebalanced against benefits. The fifth challenge is unclear concept of the common good. Due to existence of sufficient ambiguity it is difficult to integrate common good into the profession of nursing. It is still questionable if providing confidential treatment can serve common good because it does not assure anonymity even if all the instances of communicable diseases are identified (Donley, 2017). There are several healthcare organisations that have not explicitly integrated the common good in the nursing practice. I believe that common good is beneficial to patients, nurses and the society if it is clearly defined and articulated. This core concept of benefiting society appears as unifying approach and will be greatly accepted in the area of public health and in nursing practice. References Donley, R. (2017). Nursing and the Common Good. Chausa.org. Retrieved 20 January 2017, from https://www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/november-december-2006/nursing-and-the-common-good Fall-Dickson, J. M., Yearwood, E. L., Anderson, K. (2015). Targeted Strategies to Promote Nursing Faculty Individual and Collective Scholarly Excellence. Greenhalgh, T., Howick, J., Maskrey, N. (2014). Evidence based medicine: a movement in crisis?.Bmj,348, g3725. Matney, S. A., Avant, K. C., Staggers, N. (2016). Toward an understanding of wisdom in nursing.The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,21(1). Moch, S. D., Vandenbark, R. T., Pehler, S. R., Stombaugh, A. (2016). Use of Action Research in Nursing Education.Nursing Research and Practice,2016.

Global Ethics free essay sample

Ensure you write your candidate number on any sheets which are to be handed in. †¢ Only University approved calculators are allowed. Question Papers must be handed in. †¢ This is a Closed Book Exam This paper consists of Six [6] questions on Two [2] pages Ikea Case Study Global Marketing Ethics and Culture catalogue: are there any cultural differences? IKEA was founded in Almhult, Sweden in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad. The company name is a composite of the first letters in his name in addition to the first letters of the names of the property and the village in which he grew up: Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd IKEA.The IKEA business philosophy is: We shall offer a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them: In the late 1940s, the first IKEA advertisements appeared in local newspapers. Demand for IKEA products soared, and Ingvar Kamprad quickly outgrew his ability to make individual sales calls. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result, he began operating a mail order catalogue and distributed his products via the county milk van. This resourceful solution to a difficult problem led to the annual lKEA catalogue.First published in Swedish in 1951, the IKEA catalogue was, in 2009, published each summer in 56 different editions, in 27 languages for 35 countries, and is considered to be the main marketing tool of the retail giant, consuming 70 per cent of the companys annual marketing budget. In terms of publishing quantity, the catalogue has surpassed the Bible as the worlds most published work at an estimated 199 million copies (in 2009) worldwide triple that of its less materialistic counterpart. However, since the catalogue is free of charge, the Bible continues to be the most purchased non-fiction work. ) In Europe alone the catalogue reaches more than 220 million people annually. Containing over 300 pages and about 12,000 products, it is distributed free of charge both in stores and by mail. The annual catalogue is distributed in August/September of each year and is valid for a full year. Prices in the catalogue are guaranteed not to increase while the catalogue is valid.Most of the catalogue is produced by IKEA Catalogue Services AB in IKEAs home town of Almhult, Sweden. At the beginning of 2009 there were 280 IKEA stores operating under a franchise from Inter IKEA Systems BV. Total lKEA turnover in 2005 was â‚ ¬22. 7 billion. IKEA accounts for just 5 to 10 per cent of the furniture market in each country in which it operates. More important is that the awareness of the IKEA brand is much bigger than the size of the company. That is because IKEA is far more than a furniture merchant.It sells a Scandinavian lifestyle that customers around the world embrace. Cultural difference There are about 12,000 products in the total IKEA product range. Each store carries a selection of these 12,000 products depending on store size. The core range is the same worldwide, but there are differences in how the IKEA catalogue displays its products in the different national editions. Here we have two different illustrations featuring the same product. Our two illustrations for the same product are taken from the Danish and Chinese catalogues.

Rise of the Novel essays

Rise of the Novel essays William Warner in his essay The Elevation of the Novel in England: Hegemony and Literary Theory from which the above quotation is taken outlines his theory of a dependence on the part of Fielding and Richardson on the novels of earlier writers despite their attempts to devalue their work. In this essay I will examine this relationship from Warner's standpoint and show that it is a relationship is both complex and paradoxical. Prior to his first novel in 1749, Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) published, in 1740-41, an advisory work called Letters Written to and for Particular Friends. This publication intended to instil in the reader a correct code of conduct or "how to think and act justly and prudently in the common concerns of life". With the publication of the 1749 novel "Pamela: Or Virtue Rewarded, Richardson fully assumed his role as an author expounding the moralistic values of the bourgeois society to which he had ascended from more humble beginnings. This role would become impounded by his two subsequent novels Clarissa: or the History of a Young Lady (1747-48) and The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753-54). Henry Fielding (1707-1754) had published poems, satirical pieces, comedies, farces and ballad operas before he published his first novel. Incensed at the publication of Richardson's Pamela, Fielding set out to ridicule his contemporaries work with the often hilarious An apology for the life of Mrs Shamala Andrews (1741). Though apparently antagonistic to Richardson in this regard, his later novel Tom Jones (1748) is prefaced with all of the moralistic overtones that became synonimous with Richardson and built on the same foundations of judgement and opinionated moral comment....

GCSE in Mathematics Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GCSE in Mathematics - Literature review Example Factually there is no doubt that some subjects are more difficult than others, mathematics is one such subject. Mathematics is hard to some students because of the fear factor arising from inferiority feeling. The students feel that they are not smart enough. Mathematics is likened to sports where practice gives better results and understanding of terms used in Mathematics is quite challenging to some students. Mathematics is sequential subject just like science or engineering where the right answer can be gotten in different ways and concepts build from a previous one. In most cases the math courses move at a fast pace. All these factors may determine if a whether students hate or love mathematics. Graham (2004) defines web applications as programs that run on Web servers and use Web pages as the user interface. He notes this new kind of software will be cheaper and more powerful than the regular software for desktops. He further remarks that early computer users have already long d iscovered the benefits of moving applications from the hard disk and starting to use Web-based applications which can be accessed from any computer connected to the Internet. Ackermann (2007) asserts that the internet and the World Wide Web have had a profound effect on the way people find information and do research. He attributes this to the astounding increase in the amount of information resources available and the tools available for finding information. BENEFITS OF WEB SYSTEMS Db net solutions (2007) explain a number of benefits of web systems. Web Cross platform compatibility is one of them. Most web based applications are far more cross platform compatible than traditional installed software. The minimum system requirements would be web browsers that are available for a multitude of operating systems and run the web application. Web applications are also more manageable; web based systems need only be installed on the server placing minimal requirements on the end user works tation. The maintenance and update of the system is much simpler as usually it can all be done on the server. Updates are normally done via the web server with relative ease. Due to the manageability and cross platform support deploying web applications to the end user is far easier. Web based applications are ideal in bandwidth limited networks and the system and data is remote. You simply need to send the user a website address to log in to and provide them with internet access. This means that web applications are highly deployable. In web based systems the systems and processes can often be consolidated reducing the need of moving data. This type of applications also provides an added layer of security by removing the need for the user to have access to the data and back end servers. Web based applications are far less costly due to reduced support and lower end user system requirements and simplified architecture. Paul Stanley software (2013) also has a good literature on the b enefits of interactive web applications and hold that they are highly advantageous in that no special configuration or changes  are needed on  user's PCs. It was argued that they have lower costs compared to standalone or desktop applications and that Web applications centralize data which makes the data secure and easy to backup. Updates can be made quickly and information is accessible to a wide audience anywhere in the world available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Web applications also have the advantage that everybody has a browser. The familiar interface of the browsers encourages use of web systems and applications.Learning exercises can be done at user's own time and pace

Inbound Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inbound Logistics - Essay Example The reason for this is fairly intuitive; if a manufacturer is to produce goods and material for distribution, it must receive the raw materials and other products necessary for production and distribution. Accordingly, the management of inbound products is central to the organizational goals in two obvious ways: First, the procurement of the materials and, second, the potential cost savings afforded by an efficient inbound supply chain system. As the next section of this paper specifically focuses on the ramifications of failing to procure materials for the manufacturing or distribution process, a word about costs is appropriate here. As cited in the case study, "the ultimate aim to achieve total control over inbound shipments would allow the retailer to eke out cost advantages from the supply chain" (Chatur 5). Several aspects of increasing efficiency within the inbound logistics side of SCM are discussed, one of which is the use of a third party logistics company, or 3PL, to manage that part of the supply chain. In fact, the idea of a collaborative environment within a large supply chain is a very popular notion. "Logistics alliances - formal or informal relationships between companies and logistics providers - are rapidly emerging...[where companies focus on their core competencies and outsource other activities" to companies that are more cost effective (Laarhoven, et al. 188). Thus, managing inbound logistics is important enough to companies that they are willing to outsource the entire process in order to save money. Q2: What is the relationship between operations and purchasing, and how does it ideally affect the management of inbound logistics Operations is the process whereby a manufacturer makes its product, but purchasing and procurement are what allow operations to do its job. Accordingly, the relationship is a dependent one where, if purchasing doesn't do its job well, operations can be shut down. Naturally, if procurement is not efficient and unnecessarily cost intensive, the entire company is threatened. The cost efficiencies related to inbound logistics, however, are not as potentially devastating as the failure of purchasing to ensure an adequate supply of material for the process. Consider the fact that if procurement doesn't perform, some manufacturers would have to stop operations until the supplies were received. This can be far more expensive than carrying a little too much inventory. As the case study points out, "...the shutdown of large petrochemical plants may cost as much as $500K to $1M daily - far more than the cost of extra hopper cars used to store product" (Chatur 4). Herein lies the dilemma for inbound logistics; balancing the need to have enough material without having too much material and the need to always have material. In terms of its effects on managing inbound logistics, the impact is clear. Many organizations use just-in-time (JIT) inventory techniques to avoid overstock and the cost of carrying too much inventory. This technique is more expensive than traditional methods due to a higher shipping cost structure, but

The Development of Machine Translation Essay Example for Free

The Development of Machine Translation Essay Introduction What is machine translation? Simply put, machine translation is the application of computer text from one natural language into another natural language text translation. The translation climax in the history of China again and again set off, the translation of Buddhist scriptures in the Eastern Han to the Tang and Song dynasties, the Ming and Qing technology translation and the Opium War to the May Fourth Movement to promote the progress of history. Today, the advent of the global information age is the translation climax conditions, requirements, involved in the field of computer science, mathematics, linguistics. However, the science of translation career how? Effects? How we will develop and make progress? In this paper, a review of the development of machine translation, disadvantages, role and prospects of superficial discussion, to answer these questions. i. A history of the development of machine translation The 17th century French philosopher, mathematician Descartes and the German mathematician Leibniz put forward the idea of using the machine dictionary overcome language barriers. In 1946, the worlds first electronic computer was born, after 50 years of development, through the tortuous road success, there are setbacks, presented numerous challenges for researchers. Machine translation potential social and economic benefits, some Western countries as well as Japan and other countries have spent a lot of R D, machine translation into the boom by its start-up period of the trough, the recovery period and make showing unprecedented prosperous and developed. The following is a brief overview of the various periods of its development. That is start-up period (1947 to 1954), Trough period (1954 to 1975), Recovery period (1975 to 1989),Prosperous Period. ii. The problem of machine translation The machine translation prosperity does not mean it does not have any problems. According to statistics, machine translation with human translation, translation accuracy and readability is less than 70%, many ways, there are a large number of problems, yet computer, language experts and machine translation users to jointly overcome. Opened the translation history at a glance the criterion the eyes of the beholder, the wise see wisdom. Three Kingdoms period follow essentially, Gavin ornaments East Jindao An best of Record, not so prejudicial statements were made tour word Tang Xuan Zang, neither shall seek the truth, and shall Yu vulgar to modern Yan Fu, letter the relentless pursuit of Dayak Chinese letter, Fu Lei quite similar , environment of Qian Zhongshu Gu Zhengkun best approximation . Tytlers three principles abroad, the famous translator Nidas dynamic equivalence the the fee Road Rove equivalents, otherwise Gorlee, alleged meaning on qualitative quantity. But are all demanding translation standards. The machine is translated as a translation, of course, should pay attention to the quality of the translation. The translation quality of machine translation can understand and loyalty, it is difficult to achieve the ideal standard. These examples to illustrate (1) The erroneous translation of part of speech and meaning. These problems with the machine error on the part of speech, meaning Discrimination are inseparable. Once the parts of speech in this connection vocabulary to syntax bridge is the wrong resolution, the translation will be wrong. Therefore, it is the wrong resolution mistranslation phenomenon should arouse the attention of machine translation researchers. (2)Adverbial wrong translation Of mistranslation. Such as the num ber and type of vehi2cles be misinterpreted as such a number of types of vehicles. Comparative sentence mistranslation. The earlier a smog alert can be issued, the greater its effectiveness is as it al2low s were wrongly translated: constitutes more time this smoke alarm can be as early as issued, the greater its efficiency as it does allow and the correct translation should be: the sooner the alarm, the greater the role, because it will make the Sketch word mistranslated. Small words, such as articles, conjunctions, English is not fluent in English. Chinese On the contrary, they become redundant, this machine translation can not be a good conversion. On these issues, there have been a lot of research, but always simple description, do not be traced. I believe that the key to these problems is not a simple computer program driving hard to the issue of slavery, but the context of the language itself is not a thorough analysis, we should ponder the question is how to make the machine with minimum knowledge. How to make the long-term accumulated cultural knowledge to penetrate into the machine translation. When they make the machine and from the search context, and in a certain culture play a role in its translation, what will? Mentioned Context, we can get some inspiration from the M alinow ski and Firth, Firth linguists task should be to study the text language phenomenon and its context combination, machine translation is the translation of a natural language another natural language should be set analysis, Discrimination select processing as an integrated process, asked to do , Shindaya. Gave us think of fruitRevelation, the word of the keys on the piano, alone has no effect. Keep context together makes sense. Another factor is the cultural context. Firth social scene decided to play social role social role is limited. Therefore, the social scene is also limited. Event enables the machine translation These limited role in society, the social scene analysis processing, translation will be able to improve the understandability credibility and While this robot suspected, but this is the trend. Since the machine translation represents the high-tech should be a breakthrough in the current information age. ii. The role of machine translation. Machine translation through a saddle-type process, PaulDeposit and flourish, today turned into a tool, the reasonIt is its role in promoting. (1)Promote social progress Human leave no stone unturned to develop and complete a machine. Is translation systems, has developed a translation software, promoted by Economic development, social progress, eliminating the language in the world among people Introduction obstacles, communicate with the entire world. (2) Improve translation efficiency With the machine translation research has improved continuously, the field of translation achieved unprecedented success. In our translation work, We can make use of a variety of translation systems or software to complete the translation task, Samples can improve the speed and accuracy of the translation, translation efficiency. (3) Promote the development of other areas Machine translation to get involved in mathematics, computer science, linguistics, translation Science and other multi-discipline areas need strong development of these disciplines, substantial based on the outcome, so as to promote the development of these areas. Fourth, the outlook on the prospects for machine translation. The birth of the machine translation system, especially to people translation, who brought hope. Although machine translation the understandability and loyalty also not ideal, but if the mathematics, computer science, translation studies and language science and other researchers in the field of work together, will make the machine translation out more beautiful flowers, bear more fruit. Conclusion In the above mentioned, if the context of the language environment and cultural context for consideration in the process of programming, will be able to make the translation discourse stronger language three functions, namely the concept of function, people interpersonal function and textual function was more prominent. It is also the author most would like to suggest, hope, serve role. It should be believed that through the tireless efforts of many researchers make machine translation. Having been properly developed, thus will be able to promote vigorous translation cause development.

Lessons of the Socialist Planned Soviet Economy :: essays papers

Lessons of the Socialist Planned Soviet Economy A long time ago the chancellor of Germany, Bismarck, said the following after reading the â€Å"Communist Manifesto† by Marx and Engels, â€Å"This is very interesting. But now we have to find a country that we wouldn’t pity to do an experiment on†. Russia was to be the country that this experiment would take place in. The main part of the experiment consisted of running a Socialist planned economy which is defined as the state of economy, where all production sections are governed and owned by government institutions. Before the country could implement the planned economy it had to adapt some policies. First the country had to start industrializing, or as some economists call it the â€Å"big push† (industry-first strategy). The growth of the industrial sector was the ultimate goal. But since Russian economy was so backward it required a transitional period that was called state capitalism. In stated capitalism, through nationalization, the state would control major sectors of the economy and use this control to influence the remaining private sectors. Nationalization gave the state not only the control of the means of production, but it also insured the control over the output. Another policy that had to be adapted was the collectivization. After 1927, when the voluntary grain output fell below government target, Stalin ordered the collectivization of agriculture by forcibly establishing collective farms. Millions of peasants who resisted collectivization were arrested, and then executed or deported. Even in the post-Soviet era, the collectivization of agriculture was Soviet economy’s sore spot; it never achieved its economic goals. To hold all this together there had to be an organization big enough to balance what had now been known as the input-output economy. In 1922, Gosplan was created to exclusively and explicitly deal with planning. In the early stages Gosplan delivered the control figures and planed targets. In 1925 Gosplan assumed responsibility for drawing up Five Year Plans. The Five Year Plan called for industrialization at a maximum pace with a conception that some major construction projects had to be done. By the end of 1930s the nationalization was completed, agriculture collectivized, and the national planning mechanism established. The Soviet economic system was one of the most complex organizational arrangements, especially among the different layers of organizations.

Pygmalion VS Pretty Woman Essay Essay

Year 11 Preliminary Extension English Assessment Task – Pygmalion (George Bernard Shaw) and Pretty Woman (Garry Marshall) To what extent have contextual attitudes and values regarding gender and class been maintained or altered in the two texts you have studied? Both Pygmalion, composed by George Bernard Shaw and Pretty Woman, directed by Garry Marshall effectively critique the gender and class disparities of their time, suggesting that these discrepancies were merely social constructs. Through obscure and indirect methods such as the use of humour, irony, character development and transformations, Shaw and Marshall address the issues of gender and class inequality in a milder way, thus skilfully avoiding conflicting opinions with the audience and the general public. Although the two texts belong to different time periods and genres, they are similar in their storyline and unprovocative methods of presenting what used to be a highly controversial idea. In the play Pygmalion, Shaw uses irony to question the society’s views on gender inequality through the characterisation of Eliza, as an independent and intelligent young woman, capable of much more than was deemed appropriate for her sex. Shaw’s philosophy of equality which ridicules the social construct of gender discrepancies is expressed through Eliza’s disgust at having to marry a prosperous man, announcing that â€Å"I sold flowers. I didn’t sell myself. Now you’ve made a lady of me I’m not fit to sell anything else.† This is an example of irony which Shaw uses to target the notion of noble girls aiming to marry a rich man, rendering them dependent upon somebody else. While Eliza was able to provide for herself as a flower girl, no matter how little her income, she was better than the rich man’s wife who is reliant on her husband’s income. In the beginning of the play, Ms and Mrs Eynsford Hill ask Freddy to find a cab for them, suggesting that the man is the one who provides for and protects the woman as befitting for the gender roles of their time, whereas Eliza is different – she finds her own cab to go to Higgins’s house and also pays for her tuition with her own income. Hence it is evident that through the use of irony, Shaw subtly critiques the gender disparities of his time, and using the abilities his female protagonist, he shows his audience that allocated gender roles are simply social constructs, created and preserved by the traditions of society. Through the use of character development, Marshall takes a similar approach in Pretty Woman to critique the issues of gender inequality in comparison to Pygmalion, and though the times during which they were produced were different, both texts alluded to the fact that gender disparities were but social constructs. Alike in Pygmalion, the female gender is expected to act within certain definitions of ‘gentle and submissive’, but both Vivian and Eliza are strong and independent, and do not meet up to society’s expectations. Unlike Pygmalion however, Vivian is a real prostitute whereas Eliza is a flower girl accused of being a prostitute. Although Vivian’s profession is degrading of her gender, her being a prostitute without a pimp gives her power in her relationships, as expressed through her saying â€Å"I say  who, I say when† and her act of negotiating the price of her time with Edward. In contrast to Pygmalion’s ending, Vivian does develop a romantic relationship with Edward whilst Eliza remains independent of Higgins. This again may be degrading of Vivian and her gender as it appears to make Vivian financially dependent upon her male partner, though this notion is disproved when Vivian tells Edward that she will â€Å"rescue him right back†, teaching him life’s morals while he provides for her. This characterisation of Vivian as the ‘damsel in distress’ displays Marshall’s philosophy of the princess who is rescued from the tower, rescuing the prince â€Å"right back†, allowing the issue of gender inequality to be questioned in the film. While Pretty Woman may be much more subtle than Pygmalion, it is shown through the characterisation of Vivian that Marshall not only frowns upon gender inequality in his time, but also identifies gender disparities as a social construct, similar to Shaw in his philosophy. George Bernard Shaw also uses humour to address the social constructs on class differences and depict through the interactions between Higgins and Eliza the futility of the class structure of his time. This is illustrated through Higgins’s confidence in being able to turn Eliza whom he calls a â€Å"squashed cabbage leaf† and an â€Å"incarnate insult to the English language† into a â€Å"duchess† or â€Å"the Queen of   Sheba†. These insults are examples of the humour that is used in the play to present the issues of class disparities to the audience. Using Higgins’s pompous bet with Pickering to portray the fact that even a flower girl can be passed off as royalty, Shaw implies that given the right education, anyone can become ‘noble’ or ‘high-class’. This notion is further supported with the use of humour when Eliza attends the ball and is thought to be a â€Å"fraud† and a â€Å"Hungarian princess† thus allowing Higgins to win his bet. Shaw also promotes his beliefs through his character, Higgins when he argues that teaching the human being another way of speech is like â€Å"filling up the deepest gulf that separates class from class and soul from soul†. Hence, George Bernard Shaw’s intention of using humour and character interaction to question society’s view on class disparities becomes clear as he successfully identifies the class st ructures of his time as nothing but social constructs. In Pygmalion as well as Pretty Woman, there are clear class distinctions in the society, and through the concept of a ‘transformation’, Director Garry Marshall encourages the idea that one does not have to be born noble to be noble. For instance, the treatment that Vivian receives during both her visits to the boutique on Rodeo Drive differs greatly from one another simply because of the change in Vivian’s attire. In response to Vivian’s transformation, her friend Kit tells her that she â€Å"cleans up real nice† while Vivian replies â€Å"it’s easy to clean up when you got money†, suggesting that perhaps one’s class is based purely on appearance and with the right education and money, anyone can be ‘high-class’. The process of Vivian’s transformation is more physical rather than intellectual in contrast to Pygmalion’s Eliza who undergoes months of speech training to make her appearance in the ball, how ever, the same notion of ‘anyone can be high-class’ is supported. Near the end of Vivian’s stay with Edward, he offers to set her up in an apartment so he can continue visiting her, however she  refuses and tells him she once â€Å"would have said yes†, but the time she has spent with him led her to step out of her mindset as a prostitute as she becomes a noble lady. Through the concept of transformation, Marshall challenges the widely accepted view on class disparities and like Shaw, expresses through their work the futility of the class structure of their time. George Bernard Shaw and Director Garry Marshall shared their viewpoint on both gender and class disparities, believing them to be mere social constructs, questioning the norms of their time in their respective texts – Pygmalion and Pretty Woman. Through the use of humour, irony, character development and the concept of ‘transformation’, both composers successfully address the issues of gender and class with their characteristic subtlety. Although Pygmalion and Pretty Woman have many differences including their genre and the time period in which they were composed, they are ultimately similar in the way they critique gender and class disparities using mild and unprovocative methods which allow their philosophies to be communicated to a wider audience.

Motivation Theory and Practice Name University - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2447 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Psychology Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Motivation Essay Did you like this example? RUNNING HEAD: Motivation Theory and Practice Name University Name Instructor name Course Name Date Motivation Theory and Practice Introduction Motivation is the psychological process which gives the behavior a meaning or a purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995); an internal drive to satisfy the unsatisfied needs (Higgins, 1994) and the will to achieve (Bedeian,1993). The word motivation has a different connotation in Psychology, it refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior (Green, 1995). Thus motivation in simple terms can be defined as the desire or willingness to do something and the inner force which helps the individuals to achieve their goals and aims. Motivation is very important in business as the employer has to first of all understand as to what motivates the employees and what exactly should they do to motivate their employees so as to increase the over all productivity. Motivation has occupied a prominent place amongst researcher s due to the fact that business has to motivate not only the employees but also should succeed in motivating the customers. This is so because of the increasing competition in business and the motivated employees can provide a firm with a distinctive advantage and a cutting edge on others by being more productive, which can keep the business organization thriving and surviving. Motivation has been attempted to be studied and analyzed by two schools of thought; the scientific school of thought and the Behavioral School of thought. Scientific Model The scientific method to management tasks was devised by pioneers like Frederic Taylor, (1856-1915). Under this model; employees are regarded as an input in the process of production of goods and services. The scientific approach lays importance on the scientific selection, training and development of the employees rather than giving them an option to choose their own tasks and the methods of training so as to carry out the work in ac cordance with scientifically devised procedures. According to this model human behavior was to be analyzed scientifically, by considering individuals as parts of the machines. Taylor broke down the tasks into smallest units in order to figure out the best approach. Here each worker was assigned a single job in which he is trained like the motions of the parts of the machine. He then made a science for each element of work and restricted the behavioral alternatives of the worker in accordance with his social physical environment, task, capacity, speed, durability and cost in order to remove the human variability (Terpstra, 2005). This model of Taylor was successful as it increased production and profitability as it was based on rationality rather than the trial and error methodology in management, and this led to enhanced efficiency in work. But this approach to the treatment of human beings as machines was opposed by the managers, who called it as dehumanization of work. The other feature of this model was that observation and breaking the timings on the basis of stop-watch timing also faces a strong resistance on the ground that nobody likes his work to be so closely monitored. Taylor’s method though criticized had an impact on the work as it was a very novel efficient and more productive method of work, which totally changed the nature of the industry itself as the departments of work study, personnel, maintenance and Quality check did not exist at all before the scientific model was invented by Taylor (Buford, 2000). Though there have been many developments in this field later but the scientific model has remained the basis for all the other models which developed later, as they were only modifications and not original. Behavioral approach The Behavioral Model approaches the concept from the identification of the elements and specific influences which motivate individuals to increase their efficiency and productivity. Many people have contr ibuted to this approach of motivation and have put forth their theories on these lines. The theory of hierarchy of needs by Maslow (1943) is one such attempt in this regard. According to this theory human needs are considered in the form of hierarchy, ascending from lowest to the highest. Maslow argues that lower level needs have to be satisfied before the higher level needs, as once the needs are satisfied, they cease to be a motivator. To keep the workers in action their lower needs should be satisfied and their higher needs to be satisfied only later. Maslow has elaborated the five needs as; Physiological, security or safety, social, Esteem and self actualization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic human needs which are important for sustenance like food, water, warmth, shelter, sleep etc. Maslow argued that unless physiological needs are satisfied to a degree, no other motivating factor can work. †¢ Safety or Security needs are those needs which relate to one ’s security, protection and stability in the personal life. They are free from physical danger and emotional harm; viz, fear of unemployment, loss of property, food and shelter. †¢ Social Needs are needs for love, affection and belongingness and social acceptance. People are social beings and try to satisfy their needs for acceptance and friendship as man cannot afford to live in isolation. †¢ Esteem – is the need for reputation and esteem, which man expects after his social needs are satisfied. They are; power, prestige status and self confidence. Even internal and external esteem factors like self respect, autonomy, achievements, recognition and attention (Source) †¢ . Self actualization is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. Its the need to grow and use abilities to the fullest potential. It includes growth and self-fulfillment by achieving ones potential to accomplish something. The hierarchy is shown in the figure below: [pi c] As given in Maslow’s hierarchy triangle of needs, every need satisfied will be followed by the next on the hierarchy level which becomes important and dominant for example, when physiological needs are satisfied, people look for their safety, which becomes important now and when all the needs are satisfied motivation stops. Thus the crux of this theory is finding out the level of hierarchy in a person’s life. Maslow’s theory of needs is widely recognized and is adopted by the managers all over the world. The theory is easily understood and its intutive logic has made it implementable but the emperical evidence of the measurement of its success after its implementation in the validation of the theory is not found. Hence the quantitative impact of the theory of needs is not accurately measured. Two Factor Theory: If you want people to do a good job, give them a good job to do says Frederick Herzbergs (1959). This motivational theory of Herzberg is based on a two-component approach and is known as the Two Factor theory. He draws a distinction between things which prevent dissatisfaction and those that create satisfaction (Herzberg, 1959). Dissatisfaction leads to de-motivation and because the discontent environmental factors known as Hygiene factors, people are de-motivated at their work place. The hygiene factors include security, status, relationship, personal life, salary, working conditions, company policy and administration (Bedeian, 2003), which are basically essential and do not lead to motivation but their absence would certainly de-motivate the workers. The second component of the Hygiene theory involves those factors, whose absence causes no dissatisfaction but their presence motivates the workers like the work and organizational environment. These factors are termed as motivational factors by Herzberg. Factors like growth prospects, career progression and advancement, responsibility, challenges, recognition and achievem ents are the motivational factors. The theory focuses on the fact that mere removal of the dissatisfying features from a job does not make the work satisfactory but both the approaches of hygiene and motivation should exist simultaneously to make the Herzberg’s approach applicable and it is a modification of the Maslow’s theory hierarchy of needs. The Herzberg’s theory has been criticized as vague, but in the present conditions of business, where the contents and contexts of employment have become major issues, the accurate application and implementation based on the motivational ideas of the theory would give very good results. pic] Diagrammatic representation of Herzberg two-factor theory (Web 2) Vrooms Expectancy Theory is based on the perception that motivation depends on the values and beliefs of a person and it examines whether the motives of an individual will be fulfilled . i. e the belief of the employee that his efforts will increase his performance , which would enhance his rewards (Vroom, 1964). According to the theory individuals can be motivated on the basis of a positive correlation between efforts of the worker and his performance, which should lead to a reward. Consequently, the reward should be able to satisfy his needs and desire to equate his efforts. The theory therefore states that the strength of an individual’s motivation depends on their expectation of the results of heir performance, which contributes to the satisfaction of their need. Hence motivation is the result of a rational calculation (Vroom, 1964). Further the calculations depend upon people’s beliefs and the expectancy multiplied by the probability of performance leading to a reward (instrumentality), multiplied by the perceived value of the reward (Valence) (Source). Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence can be used to predict whether a particular reward will motivate an individual or not. Thus Vroom’s theory is applicable to those situations where someone does something on the expectation of a certain outcome or a result or it is the association between expected outcomes and the contribution the people can make towards the results (Bowen, 1991). Though critics have appreciated the basics of the Vroom’s theory but issues have been raised about the validity of the motivation equation as a product of expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Porter-Lawler Expectancy theory has also contributed to the concept of motivation in terms of expectancy and it is on the same lines as Vroom’s theory and suggests that motivational level is based on the value attributed to the reward by an individual. Performance in a task is mainly determined by the efforts made and the ability of an individual and his perception of the job. Hence, satisfaction of the individual depends upon the fairness of the reward (Bowen 1991) Porter and Lawler point out that perceived inequality in this model plays a pivotal role in job satisfaction. Dissatisfaction according to this theory is caused by the inequality of the reward, which should be constantly and continuously evaluated. Therefore discriminatory practices should be avoided at the work place and equality among the employees should be imbibed by the employers at the place of work. Elton Mayo known for his Hawthorne Experiments analyzed the human aspects of motivation and came to a conclusion that motivation was a very complex phenomenon and was not concerned with only about pay, work condition and morale but also about psychological and social factors. Thus he emphasized on the need for recognition and a sense of belongingness as vital factors of motivation. Comparison between Scientific and Behavior approaches The two approaches to the concept of motivation differ from each other as there is an underlying factor which differentiates between them. According to the Scientific Approach, work is inherently unpleasant to most of the people and financial incentives are very lucrative to them than other factors like the nature of work, role profile, work environment etc. hile the Behavioral approach emphasizes on the social aspects like the role of social processes in organization and belongingness and feeling of being important and useful. Thus this approach emphasizes on the human needs more than monetary benefits. So individuals tend to contribute to the success of the organization through their efforts towards the organizational effectiveness. Scientific management is an effective technique for a capitalist system and a money economy where the companys sole objective is the improvement of efficiency and profitability. (Higgins, 2004). Human approach occupies a prominent place in today’s work environment, as company’s success is judged by the qualitative parameters where worker motivation contributes to the success of the company. Conclusions The changing environment is posing a challen ge to the business organizations in the present day situation and the solution to the motivation problems is becoming more and more complex due to the changing factors of motivation (Bowen Radhakrishna, 2001). The management of the business should be able to understand and comprehend the process, theories and fundamental components of motivation. They should not forget that interest work and employee pay are the main components of motivation along with job enlargement, promotions, monetary benefits and non-monetary compensations. Ten motivating factors have been researched (Higgins, 2004) and they are; interesting work, good wages, full appreciation of work done, job security, good working conditions, promotions and growth in the organization, feeling of being in on things, personal loyalty to employees, tactful discipline, and sympathetic help with personal problems. Thus in order to motivate to enhance the efficiency and productivity in a business organization, a motivation program has to be designed on the basis of the knowledge of the factors which are essential for the motivation of the employees. References: Books and Journal Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (ed. ), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press. Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Management (3rd ed. ). New York: Dryden Press. Bowen, B. E. , Radhakrishna, R. B. (1991). Job satisfaction of agricultural education faculty: A constant phenomena. Journal of Agricultural Education, 32 (2). 16-22. Buford, J. A. , Jr. , Bedeian, A. G. , Lindner, J. R. (2005). Management in Extension (3rd ed. ). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Extension. Buford, J. A. , Jr. (2000). Extension management in the information age. Journal of Extension, 28 (1). Dickson, W. J. (1973). Hawthorne experiments. In C. 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Personnel Journal, 58. 376. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley . Web sites (Web 1) Motivation theorists and their theories (online) (cited 15 Dec ember) Available from https://www. accel-team. com/motivation/theory_01. html (Web 2) Motivation (online) (cited 16 December) Available from URL https://choo. fis. utoronto. ca/FIS/Courses/LIS1230/LIS1230sharma/motive1. htm[pic][pic][pic] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Motivation Theory and Practice Name University" essay for you Create order